The Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction Rate

The Effect of Enzyme Concentration on Reaction lay outDetermination of the effect of enzyme parsimoniousness on catalysis using stiffen an amylase.INTRODUCTIONEnzymes are said to be catalytic proteins which adjoins the judge of a chemical reply without being altered in the process of that reception. 1 A substrate is a substance which an enzyme acts upon. No bond is formed amidst the enzyme and the substrate in the reaction thus the enzyme goes back to its original become and arse be used again.2An enzyme adheres to a substrate via the restless(prenominal) rank thus forming an enzyme substrate complex They are very specific in their reaction and also to the substrate they are binding with. Enzymes function flop when the shape of the substrate matches the enzymes active site and their functioning is dependent upon its third dimensional structure. They undergo catalysis by lowering the activation postal code so that to a greater extent molecules ordain be activated thu s having the reaction occurring more easily 1 2In this experiment amylase is use to break tear d let the starch molecules. Starch is the substrate used and amylase is the enzyme. There is a lurch when amylase reacts with starch. There is a release of a disaccharide maltose. As time increases on that point allow less abundance of starch and more of the sugar hold. So when this is added to iodine the spirited/black colour will decrease to a light yellow shade.4The ducking of the enzyme is important in chemical reaction as it is needed to react with the substrate. Often a abject count of enzyme can consume a large amount of substrate. But as enzyme concentration increases so is the avail readiness of active sites thus these will transfer substrate molecules into products. What this is basically saying is that if the enzyme concentration is to be increased in that location needs to be an excess of substrate present which in new(prenominal) words means that the reaction mus t be independent of the concentration of substrate.3Apart from the concentration of substrate and enzyme at that place are other accompanimentors which can also influence the enzyme to function to its optimum capacity. These include temperature, pH, and inhibitors. Higher temperature would throw overboard for more collisions to occur in that locationfore allow substrate to bind to the enzymes active site more frequent. Since enzymes work at a certain temperature chain activity would decline once this range would commence been exceeded and the enzyme is denatured. Each enzyme has its own optimum where it functions best. Pepsin, an enzyme found in our stomach, works best in acid-forming conditions. Some enzymes becomes denatured thus deactivated when pH goes up down.I prophesy that the rate of the reaction will increase as the concentration increases and wrong versa. The reaction will occur fast once the enzyme is added but it will reluctant down upon descending to the last block out. I also believed that and a few of the demonstrate tubing will produce a blue/black colour since the starch present in the response will be hydrolyzed.Apparatus/MaterialsWaterBuffer rootage ( pH 6.8)1% starch resultant role1% amylase antecedent (Saliva)Dropper3 beakers3 10 ml measuring cylinders12 test thermionic thermionic vacuum pipages examen pipe rackTimerMethodFour test tubes were labeled A D2 ml of water supply was measured and dictated in test tube A. 2 ml of amylase (saliva) was measured and position in the same test tube.Again 2 ml of water was measured and placed in a randomness test tube, test tube B, and to this 2 ml of the upshot in test tube A was added.Another 2ml of water was added to a third test tube, test tube C , and to this , 2ml of the firmness of purpose from test tube B was added.A further 2ml of water was added to test tube D, and to this 2 ml of dissolving agent from test tube C was added. Two milliliters of solution from test tube D was discarded so that all will have be amounts of solution.Forty drops of buffer solution was added to test tube A . octette (8) test tubes were collected and placed in a test tube rack. Two drops of iodine solution was placed into each using a dropper.To tube A 0.5 ml 1% starch solution was added. nonpareil drop of solution from tube A was immediately transferred to test tube 1 containing iodine solution. The dropper was properly rinsed.After 1 minute, iodin drop of solution from tube A was added using the dropper to the second tube containing iodine. The dropper was rinsed thoroughly. This was done for all the other test tubes that remained.The table of contents in all eight iodine test tubes were discarded. The tubes were thoroughly rinsed and dehydrated for use in the next round of tests.Steps 6 11 was repeated for test tubes B,C,and D.RESULTSTest TubeTest Tube with tincture of iodineObservationsAB1234567812345678 sour em brownishedness solution with small amounts of blue/black grains. These were apparent 17 seconds after adding solution A baleful brown gritty solution.Orange brown solution with particles which were also orange -brown airheaded orange brown solution. No gamy particles present livelyer orange brown solutionYellow brown solutionYellow brown solution. This was lighter than tube No. 6Light yellow brown solution. This was exceptionally lighter than the others.Blue- black with unmannerly particles. Small traces ( 320 seconds)Orange brown solutionLight orange brown solution with grains presentOrange brown solution with tiny grains presentOrange brown solutionOrange brown solutionLight orange brown solutionLight orange brown solutionCD1234567812345678Dark brown with small traces of black particles (fewer than with tube B)(455 seconds)Orange brown solutionOrange brown solutionOrange brownDark orange brownDark orange brownVery dark brown solution with a few grainy particlesVery dark brown with lots of grainy particlesDark brown s olution with very small traces of black grains ( 560 seconds)Dark orange brown, no grainy particles presentDark orange brown solutionOrange brown solutionOrange brown solutionYellow/ orange- brown solutionYellow brown solutionLight yellow brown solutionThe graph shows how the concentration of the enzyme affects the overall rate of the reaction. A higher concentration of the enzyme will produce a hurried occurring reaction than a lower concentration. From the graph as time counter the reaction rate drops significantly.DISCUSSIONThis lab exercise demonstrated the ability of an enzyme to hydrolyze the substrate molecule. The enzyme used was amylase and the substrate was starch. The starch is what the amylase actually acts upon to obligate the end products i.e amylase breaks down starch.Substrate ENZYME ProductsEnzyme concentration and substrate concentration reanimate a vital role in enzymatic activity.The more enzymes available, the speedy the reaction will occur until the substr ate is all used upMore substrates will also mean quicker activity, until the enzyme is fully everlasting(a) so that itcannot continue increasing its activity.1Based on the results obtained from tube A, a blue/black colouration was noted. This indicated that there was significant amount of starch present. Iodine is an indicator for the presence of starch. This same colour was noted for tubes B- D but the traces of blue /black colour decreased from tube A -D. As the tests proceeded to the last tube, the colour of the solution for each set changed from a dark brown solution to light yellow and in any(prenominal) cases to a light orange brown solution.A reasonable business relationship for this is that there are fewer enzymes present as you move from tube A-D thus the starch will not be broken down. When there is an insufficient amount of enzyme present the reaction will not maturate as quick as it would because the active sites present are occupied. If the concentration or amount o f enzymes is increased thusly this would make provision for an increase in reaction rate. Reaction rate would increase due to the fact that there will be more active sites that are unoccupied. However, if there is an excess of enzyme molecule, the rate would not increase if more is added but it would get hold of at a point where it would level off.2Another reasoning female genitalia the colour change in that after the amylase reacted with the starch there will be a discharge of maltose which is a disaccharide. Less starch will be present as time proceeds and more maltose will be present. In addition less starch will be available to react with iodine thus the blue/black colour will decrease.The predictions made were moderately correct since a lower concentration of enzyme produced a reaction which was slow and one that had less products being formed.Various factors could have affected the results of the lab which may have given some amount of inaccuracy. These include temperature and pH. The enzyme perhaps would have functioned punter in a certain temperature range instead of normal manner temperature.CONCLUSIONBased on the results obtained from the experiment it can be cogitate that the concentration of enzymes influences the rate of a chemical reaction. If enzyme concentration is decreased then the reaction rate will also decrease. If there is sufficient enzyme to bind with substrate then the reaction will proceed fast and if there are insufficient enzymes present then the reaction will slow down